漫威这次真的辱华了吗 傅满洲哪位
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在刚刚落幕的圣地亚哥动漫大会(San Diego Comic-Con)上,漫威公布了下一阶段的电影计划。
黑寡妇,女雷神,都不如下面这位受中国观众关注:
漫威首部华裔超级英雄电影《上气》。
而梁朝伟将饰演剧中的反派“满大人”。
The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) announced the cast of its first Chinese superhero film on Sunday, quelling a week of online speculation but stirring new discussions among Chinese netizens.
Chinese-Canadian actor Simu Liu will play the title role in "Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings."
The cast includes "Crazy Rich Asians" star Nora Lum, better known by her stage name Awkwafina, and award-winning Hong Kong actor Tony Leung Chiu-wai.
早在2018年12月,漫威公布《上气》的拍摄计划时,就因其父“傅满洲”的辱华形象而引起争议。
这次公布阵容与档期,又在网上激起众怒,引发热议。
那么,傅满洲是谁?
漫威这次的操作到底怎么回事?
Fu Manchu: "The yellow peril incarnate in one man"
傅满洲是英国小说家Sax Rohmer笔下的人物。
Sax Rohmer
傅满洲系列小说的第一部“The Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu”于1913年出版,其中傅满洲的形象是这样的:
想象有这么一个人,他高瘦,有猫一样的姿态,肩膀高耸,有着像莎士比亚一般的眉毛和撒旦一般的面容,头骨棱角分明,一对吸引人的丹凤眼绿如猫眼。他集聚了整个东方种族的残忍狡诈,有着无穷的才智和多年积累下来的各种科学技术和资源……想象这么一个糟糕的人,你就能描绘出傅满洲博士的样子了——他就是黄祸的化身。
这一系列使得Rohmer声名大噪,跟其迎合了当时盛行的 “黄祸论”(Yellow peril)不无关系。
Merriam-Webster将Yellow peril定义为:
1.东亚人权力与影响的扩大而产生的对西方文明的威胁。
2.接受低薪的东亚劳动力对西方生活方式产生的威胁。
而Oxford Reference指出这种“威胁”的来源尤指中国人。
据《卫报》,20世纪早期的英国存在恐华(Sinophobia)的情形。在杂志、漫画和通俗小报中出现了很多故事,这些故事塑造了残忍的、要摧毁西方的中国人形象。在戏剧中,很多中国人的形象也是“邪恶可憎的”。
因此,傅满洲的形象,实际上是从西方对东方的恐惧与不了解中想象而出的。
创造出傅满洲的Sax Rohmer曾在自己的传记里承认,“我因中国而出名,因为我对中国一无所知!”
到了1973年,西方“黄祸论”日益少见,相关电影也几乎消失,傅满洲转而在漫威的漫画中登场。
Fu Manchu is a character created by British novelist Sax Rohmer for a series of books. Rohmer depicted Fu Manchu as "the yellow peril incarnate in one man," a resourceful and knowledgeable villain "with all the cruel cunning of an entire Eastern race."
The image of Fu Manchu fit the Sinophobic ideas that existed in Britain at the time, where magazines, tabloids and comics spread stories of cruel Chinese desiring to destroy the West.
For some time, "yellow peril" was nearly forgotten in cultural productions. But in 1973, Fu Manchu was brought back in Marvel"s comics.
Fu Manchu in MCU & "Shang-Chi"
在漫画中,上气出生于湖南,其父亲正是傅满洲。
当上气被傅满洲派去杀死一位白人科学家时,遇到一位信奉“黄祸论”的英国特工。
通过与这位特工的接触,他意识到自己父亲的穷凶极恶,遂反目成仇。
最后,他大义灭亲,成为正义的英雄。
这问题就很严重了。
塑造一位东方英雄,却是在接受西方文化启蒙,打败东方邪恶势力的语境下。这充分反映出那个时代根深蒂固的种族偏见。
后来,漫威失去了“傅满洲”这一形象的版权,于是将上气的父亲改名为“郑祖”并尝试自圆其说,但终究还是新瓶旧酒。
尤其这位“郑祖”还同傅满洲一样,有一个叫“花露水”的蛇蝎美人亲闺女。
所以,只要谈论上气的身世,总归绕不开傅满洲这样一个根深蒂固的辱华形象。
Shang-Chi, a character who first appeared in a 1973 Marvel comic book, has a Chinese father and a mother who is a U.S. citizen.
Shang-Chi was raised by Fu Manchu, the renowned criminal mastermind, as his heir and an assassin. Shang-Chi then discovered his father"s evils through a British agent, Denis Nayland Smith, and turned against his father, becoming a martial arts master who fights for justice.
The fact that the Asian superhero"s father is a world famous villain sparked controversy on Chinese social media, with many arguing that it is discrimination and the character stereotypes Chinese.
The Mandarin
而此次公布由梁朝伟饰演的满大人(Mandarin),则是漫威宇宙中的另一个东方形象,早于上气9年出现。
The Mandarin, played by Tony Leung, is the archenemy of Iron Man and first appeared in the Marvel comics in 1964, nine years before Shang-Chi. He is depicted as a genius scientist and a martial arts master and will play the villain in Marvel"s upcoming movie Shang-Chi.
他是成吉思汗的后裔,母亲为英国贵族。他拥有巨额财富,同时还是天才科学家,精通中国功夫。他拥有十个不同的戒指,是漫画中钢铁侠的主要对头。
有人说他脱胎于傅满洲——至少从早期形象来看,确有许多相似之处。
满大人首次出场
然而随着时代发展,他的形象也有许多变化。
在《钢铁侠3》中,还出现了冒名顶替的“满大人”形象。
也有传言说他会在电影中被设定为上气的父亲。
对漫威来说,拍摄中国英雄,总归是为了讨好中国市场。而这次《上气》引起的“辱华”争议,恐怕连漫威自己都始料未及。
傅满洲是特定时代背景下的产物,本应该随着那个时代消失。
Shang-Chi"s artist and co-creator, Jim Starlin, claimed during an interview at the SDCC that he doesn"t want Fu Manchu to appear in the movie. "I"m pretty sure they"re going to cut him out of the whole thing," he said.
而此番争议之下,漫威究竟会如何处理上气父亲的角色,又如何去描绘满大人?
就让我们拭目以待吧。